Peer Reviewed Publications
Sample BE, Fairbrother A, Kaiser A, Law S, Adams B. in press. Sensitivity of ecological soil screening levels for metals to exposure model parameterization and toxicity reference values. Environ Toxicol Chem.
Sample BE, Schlekat C, Spurgeon DJ, Menzie C, Rauscher J, Adams B. 2014. Recommendations to improve wildlife exposure estimation for development of soil screening and cleanup values. Int Environ Assess Manage. 10: 372-387.
Salice CJ, Sample BE, Neilan RM, Rose K, Sable S. 2011. Evaluation of alternative clean-up strategies of PCBs using an individual-based population model of mink. Environ Pollution. 159: 3334-3343.
Sample BE, Hansen J, Dailey A, Duncan J. 2011. Assessment of risks to ground-feeding songbirds from lead in the Coeur d'Alene Basin, Idaho. Int Environ Assess Manage. 7:596-611.
Sample BE. 2011. Overview of exposure to and effects from radionuclides in terrestrial and marine environments. Int Environ Assess Manage. 7:368-370.
Sample BE, Irvine C. 2011. Radionuclides in biota. Pp. 703-732 in. Beyer WN. Meador J, eds. Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 2nd. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 751 pp.
Allard P, Fairbrother A, Hope BK, Hull RN, Johnson MS, Kapustka L, Mann G, McDonald B, Sample BE. 2010. Recommendations for the development and application of wildlife toxicity reference values. Int Environ Assess Manage. 6: 28-37.
Johnson MS, Salice CJ, Sample BE, Robidoux PY. 2009. Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and biomagnifications of nitroaromatic and nitroamine explosives in terrestrial systems. Pp 227-252 in Sunahara GI, Lotufo G, Kuperman RG, Hawari J, eds. Ecotoxicology of Explosives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 325 pp.
Ohlendorf HM, Pulley TS, Sample BE, Long SP, Byron ER, Nielsen KJ. 2007. Ecological risk assessment for selenium in the evaluation of restoration alternatives for Salton Sea, California. in Clemmens AJ, Anderson SS, eds. Proceedings of US Committee on Irrigation and Drainage Fourth International Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Pp. 97-116. October 3-6, Sacramento, CA. 2007.
Yoo L, Sample BE, Taylor K, Tsao CL, McCarthy C, Craig M, Johnson M. 2007. Review of perchlorate ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation data to support evaluation of ecological risks. Proceedings of the Joint Army, Navy, NASA, and Air Force Interagency Propulsion Committee Meeting.
Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Suter GW II. 2004. Bioaccumulation of chemicals from soil by plants: salt amendments versus field contamination. Human Ecol Risk Assess. 10:1117-1127.
Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Peterson MJ. 2004. Ecotoxicity test data for total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil: plants and soil-dwelling invertebrates. Human Ecol Risk Assess. 10:207-231.
Sample BE, Suter GW II. 2002. Screening evaluation of the ecological risks to terrestrial wildlife associated with a coal ash disposal site. Human Ecol Risk Assess. 8: 637-656.
Regan HM, Sample BE, Ferson S. 2002. Comparison of deterministic and probabilistic calculation of ecological soil screening levels. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21 882-890.
Higley KA, Kocher DC, Domotor SL, Bilyard G, Antonio EJ, Jones DS, Sample BE. 2001. Derivation and application of a screening methodology for evaluating radiation doses to aquatic and terrestrial biota. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Ionizing Radiation: Environmental Protection Approaches for Nuclear Facilities (Ottawa 1999). Atomic Energy Control Board/Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, pp 58-68.
Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Suter GW II. 2001. Uptake of inorganic chemicals from soil by plant leaves: regressions of field data. Environ Toxicol Chem. 20: 2561-2571.
Hull RN, Sample BE. 2001. Ecological risk assessment. Pp. 79-97 in Benjamin SL, Belluck D, eds. A Practical Guide to Understanding, Managing, and Reviewing Environmental Risk Assessment Reports. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Suter GW II, Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Jones DS 2000. Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites. CRC/Lewis Press. Boca Raton, FL.
Sample BE, Rose KA, Suter GW II. 2000. Estimation of population-level effects on wildlife based on individual-level exposures: Influence of life history strategies. pp. 225-244 in Albers PH, Heinz GH, Ohlendorf HM, eds., Environmental Contaminants and Terrestrial Invertebrates: Effects on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL.
French JB Jr, Bradbury SP, Kruger H, McGee E, Sample BE. 2000. Group A discussions of endpoint selection, study design, and extrapolation. pp. 189-202 in Albers PH, Heinz GH, Ohlendorf HM, eds., Environmental Contaminants and Terrestrial Invertebrates: Effects on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL.
Sample BE, Arenal CA. 1999. Allometric models for inter-species extrapolation of wildlife toxicity data. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62:653-663.
Sample BE, Beauchamp JJ, Efroymson RA, Suter GW II. 1999. Literature-derived bioaccumulation models for earthworms: development and validation. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18: 2110-2120.
Moore DRJ, Sample BE, Suter GW II, Parkhurst BR, Teed RS. 1999. A probabalistic risk assessment of the effects of methylmercury and PCBs on mink and kingfishers along East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18: 2941-2953.
Moore DRJ, Sample BE, Suter GW II, Parkhurst BR, Teed RS. 1999. Risk-based decision making: the East Fork Poplar Creek case study. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18: 2954-2958.
Sample BE, Suter GW II. 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment in a Large River‑Reservoir: 4. Piscivorous Wildlife. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18:610-620.
Baron LA, Sample BE, Suter GW II. 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment in a Large River‑Reservoir: 5. Aerial Insectivores. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18:621-627.
Ashwood T, Sample BE, Washington-Allen R, Suter GW II. 1998. An integrated approach to ecological risk assessment of a large forested ecosystem. Pp 133-141 in: Multiple objective decision-making for and, water, and environmental management. In El‑Swaify SA, Yakowitz DS, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.
Baron LA, Ashwood TL, Sample BE, Welsh C. 1997. Monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Environ Monitor Assess. 47: 153-165.
Sample BE, Butler L, Zivkovitch C, Whitmore RC, Reardon R. 1996. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis and defoliation by the gypsy moth on native arthropods. Canadian Entomol. 128:573-592.
Sample BE, Butler L, Whitmore RC. 1993. Effects of an operational application of Dimilin on non-target insects. Canadian Entomol. 125: 173-179.
Sample BE, Cooper RJ, Whitmore RC. 1993. Dietary shifts among songbirds from a diflubenzuron-treated forest. Condor. 95: 616-624.
Whitmore RC, Cooper RJ, Sample BE. 1993. Bird fat reductions in forests treated with Dimilin. Environ Toxicol Chem. 12: 2059-2064.
Sample BE, Whitmore RC. 1993. Food habits of the endangered Virginia Big-eared Bat in West Virginia. J Mammal. 74: 428-435.
Sample BE, Cooper RJ, Greer RD, Whitmore RC. 1993. Estimation of insect biomass by length and width. Am Midl Nat. 129: 234-240.
Sample BE. 1992. Temporal separation of flight time of two sympatric Malacosoma species. Environ Entomol. 21: 628-631
Sample BE, Schlekat C, Spurgeon DJ, Menzie C, Rauscher J, Adams B. 2014. Recommendations to improve wildlife exposure estimation for development of soil screening and cleanup values. Int Environ Assess Manage. 10: 372-387.
Salice CJ, Sample BE, Neilan RM, Rose K, Sable S. 2011. Evaluation of alternative clean-up strategies of PCBs using an individual-based population model of mink. Environ Pollution. 159: 3334-3343.
Sample BE, Hansen J, Dailey A, Duncan J. 2011. Assessment of risks to ground-feeding songbirds from lead in the Coeur d'Alene Basin, Idaho. Int Environ Assess Manage. 7:596-611.
Sample BE. 2011. Overview of exposure to and effects from radionuclides in terrestrial and marine environments. Int Environ Assess Manage. 7:368-370.
Sample BE, Irvine C. 2011. Radionuclides in biota. Pp. 703-732 in. Beyer WN. Meador J, eds. Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations, 2nd. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 751 pp.
Allard P, Fairbrother A, Hope BK, Hull RN, Johnson MS, Kapustka L, Mann G, McDonald B, Sample BE. 2010. Recommendations for the development and application of wildlife toxicity reference values. Int Environ Assess Manage. 6: 28-37.
Johnson MS, Salice CJ, Sample BE, Robidoux PY. 2009. Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and biomagnifications of nitroaromatic and nitroamine explosives in terrestrial systems. Pp 227-252 in Sunahara GI, Lotufo G, Kuperman RG, Hawari J, eds. Ecotoxicology of Explosives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 325 pp.
Ohlendorf HM, Pulley TS, Sample BE, Long SP, Byron ER, Nielsen KJ. 2007. Ecological risk assessment for selenium in the evaluation of restoration alternatives for Salton Sea, California. in Clemmens AJ, Anderson SS, eds. Proceedings of US Committee on Irrigation and Drainage Fourth International Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, Pp. 97-116. October 3-6, Sacramento, CA. 2007.
Yoo L, Sample BE, Taylor K, Tsao CL, McCarthy C, Craig M, Johnson M. 2007. Review of perchlorate ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation data to support evaluation of ecological risks. Proceedings of the Joint Army, Navy, NASA, and Air Force Interagency Propulsion Committee Meeting.
Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Suter GW II. 2004. Bioaccumulation of chemicals from soil by plants: salt amendments versus field contamination. Human Ecol Risk Assess. 10:1117-1127.
Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Peterson MJ. 2004. Ecotoxicity test data for total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil: plants and soil-dwelling invertebrates. Human Ecol Risk Assess. 10:207-231.
Sample BE, Suter GW II. 2002. Screening evaluation of the ecological risks to terrestrial wildlife associated with a coal ash disposal site. Human Ecol Risk Assess. 8: 637-656.
Regan HM, Sample BE, Ferson S. 2002. Comparison of deterministic and probabilistic calculation of ecological soil screening levels. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21 882-890.
Higley KA, Kocher DC, Domotor SL, Bilyard G, Antonio EJ, Jones DS, Sample BE. 2001. Derivation and application of a screening methodology for evaluating radiation doses to aquatic and terrestrial biota. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Ionizing Radiation: Environmental Protection Approaches for Nuclear Facilities (Ottawa 1999). Atomic Energy Control Board/Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, pp 58-68.
Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Suter GW II. 2001. Uptake of inorganic chemicals from soil by plant leaves: regressions of field data. Environ Toxicol Chem. 20: 2561-2571.
Hull RN, Sample BE. 2001. Ecological risk assessment. Pp. 79-97 in Benjamin SL, Belluck D, eds. A Practical Guide to Understanding, Managing, and Reviewing Environmental Risk Assessment Reports. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Suter GW II, Efroymson RA, Sample BE, Jones DS 2000. Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites. CRC/Lewis Press. Boca Raton, FL.
Sample BE, Rose KA, Suter GW II. 2000. Estimation of population-level effects on wildlife based on individual-level exposures: Influence of life history strategies. pp. 225-244 in Albers PH, Heinz GH, Ohlendorf HM, eds., Environmental Contaminants and Terrestrial Invertebrates: Effects on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL.
French JB Jr, Bradbury SP, Kruger H, McGee E, Sample BE. 2000. Group A discussions of endpoint selection, study design, and extrapolation. pp. 189-202 in Albers PH, Heinz GH, Ohlendorf HM, eds., Environmental Contaminants and Terrestrial Invertebrates: Effects on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL.
Sample BE, Arenal CA. 1999. Allometric models for inter-species extrapolation of wildlife toxicity data. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62:653-663.
Sample BE, Beauchamp JJ, Efroymson RA, Suter GW II. 1999. Literature-derived bioaccumulation models for earthworms: development and validation. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18: 2110-2120.
Moore DRJ, Sample BE, Suter GW II, Parkhurst BR, Teed RS. 1999. A probabalistic risk assessment of the effects of methylmercury and PCBs on mink and kingfishers along East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18: 2941-2953.
Moore DRJ, Sample BE, Suter GW II, Parkhurst BR, Teed RS. 1999. Risk-based decision making: the East Fork Poplar Creek case study. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18: 2954-2958.
Sample BE, Suter GW II. 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment in a Large River‑Reservoir: 4. Piscivorous Wildlife. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18:610-620.
Baron LA, Sample BE, Suter GW II. 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment in a Large River‑Reservoir: 5. Aerial Insectivores. Environ Toxicol Chem. 18:621-627.
Ashwood T, Sample BE, Washington-Allen R, Suter GW II. 1998. An integrated approach to ecological risk assessment of a large forested ecosystem. Pp 133-141 in: Multiple objective decision-making for and, water, and environmental management. In El‑Swaify SA, Yakowitz DS, eds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.
Baron LA, Ashwood TL, Sample BE, Welsh C. 1997. Monitoring bioaccumulation of contaminants in the belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). Environ Monitor Assess. 47: 153-165.
Sample BE, Butler L, Zivkovitch C, Whitmore RC, Reardon R. 1996. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis and defoliation by the gypsy moth on native arthropods. Canadian Entomol. 128:573-592.
Sample BE, Butler L, Whitmore RC. 1993. Effects of an operational application of Dimilin on non-target insects. Canadian Entomol. 125: 173-179.
Sample BE, Cooper RJ, Whitmore RC. 1993. Dietary shifts among songbirds from a diflubenzuron-treated forest. Condor. 95: 616-624.
Whitmore RC, Cooper RJ, Sample BE. 1993. Bird fat reductions in forests treated with Dimilin. Environ Toxicol Chem. 12: 2059-2064.
Sample BE, Whitmore RC. 1993. Food habits of the endangered Virginia Big-eared Bat in West Virginia. J Mammal. 74: 428-435.
Sample BE, Cooper RJ, Greer RD, Whitmore RC. 1993. Estimation of insect biomass by length and width. Am Midl Nat. 129: 234-240.
Sample BE. 1992. Temporal separation of flight time of two sympatric Malacosoma species. Environ Entomol. 21: 628-631